Chapter 2A: Regular Verb Conjugation Tables

This chapter presents complete conjugation paradigms for regular verbs in each language.

English

English verbs have very limited inflection compared to other languages in this guide.

Tense Names in English

Tense	Example
Present	I write
Past (Simple Past, Preterite)	I wrote
Future	I will write
Present Perfect (Perfect)	I have written
Pluperfect (Past Perfect)	I had written
Future Perfect	I will have written
Present Progressive (Present Continuous)	I am writing
Imperfect (Past Progressive, Past Continuous)	I was writing
Future Progressive (Future Continuous)	I will be writing

Regular Verb: to walk

Simple Forms

	Present	Past	Future
I / 1sg	walk	walked	will walk
you / 2sg	walk	walked	will walk
he, she, it / 3sg	walks	walked	will walk
we / 1pl	walk	walked	will walk
you / 2pl	walk	walked	will walk
they / 3pl	walk	walked	will walk

Progressive (Continuous) Forms

	Present	Past	Future
I / 1sg	am walking	was walking	will be walking
you / 2sg	are walking	were walking	will be walking
he, she, it / 3sg	is walking	was walking	will be walking
we / 1pl	are walking	were walking	will be walking
you / 2pl	are walking	were walking	will be walking
they / 3pl	are walking	were walking	will be walking

Perfect Forms

	Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
I / 1sg	have walked	had walked	will have walked
you / 2sg	have walked	had walked	will have walked
he, she, it / 3sg	has walked	had walked	will have walked
we / 1pl	have walked	had walked	will have walked
you / 2pl	have walked	had walked	will have walked
they / 3pl	have walked	had walked	will have walked

Perfect Progressive Forms

	Present	Past	Future
I / 1sg	have been walking	had been walking	will have been walking
you / 2sg	have been walking	had been walking	will have been walking
he, she, it / 3sg	has been walking	had been walking	will have been walking
we / 1pl	have been walking	had been walking	will have been walking
you / 2pl	have been walking	had been walking	will have been walking
they / 3pl	have been walking	had been walking	will have been walking

Non-Finite Forms

Form	Example
Infinitive	to walk
Bare infinitive	walk
Present participle / Gerund	walking
Past participle	walked

Passive Voice

Tense	Example
Present	I am helped
Past	I was helped
Future	I will be helped
Present Perfect	I have been helped
Past Perfect	I had been helped
Present Progressive	I am being helped
Past Progressive	I was being helped

English Verb Inflection Summary

English regular verbs have only four forms:

Form	Example	Use
Base	walk	infinitive, present (except 3sg), imperative, subjunctive
-s form	walks	3rd person singular present
-ed form	walked	past tense, past participle
-ing form	walking	present participle, gerund

Latin: Four Conjugations

Tense Names in Latin

English	Latin
Present	praesēns
Imperfect	imperfectum
Future	futūrum
Perfect	perfectum
Pluperfect	plūsquamperfectum
Future Perfect	futūrum perfectum

Latin has four regular conjugation patterns, identified by the vowel before the infinitive ending.

Conjugation	Infinitive	Present Stem	Example
1st	-āre	-ā-	amō, amāre (to love)
2nd	-ēre	-ē-	moneō, monēre (to warn)
3rd	-ere	(consonant/short vowel)	regō, regere (to rule)
4th	-īre	-ī-	audiō, audīre (to hear)

First Conjugation: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (to love)

Active Voice

Indicative:

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Fut. Perf.
1sg	amō	amābam	amābō	amāvī	amāveram	amāverō
2sg	amās	amābās	amābis	amāvistī	amāverās	amāveris
3sg	amat	amābat	amābit	amāvit	amāverat	amāverit
1pl	amāmus	amābāmus	amābimus	amāvimus	amāverāmus	amāverimus
2pl	amātis	amābātis	amābitis	amāvistis	amāverātis	amāveritis
3pl	amant	amābant	amābunt	amāvērunt	amāverant	amāverint

Subjunctive:

	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1sg	amem	amārem	amāverim	amāvissem
2sg	amēs	amārēs	amāverīs	amāvissēs
3sg	amet	amāret	amāverit	amāvisset
1pl	amēmus	amārēmus	amāverīmus	amāvissēmus
2pl	amētis	amārētis	amāverītis	amāvissētis
3pl	ament	amārent	amāverint	amāvissent

Imperative:

	Singular	Plural
Present	amā	amāte
Future	amātō	amātōte / amantō

Non-finite forms:

Form
Present infinitive	amāre
Perfect infinitive	amāvisse
Future infinitive	amātūrus esse
Present participle	amāns, amantis
Future participle	amātūrus, -a, -um
Gerund	amandum
Gerundive	amandus, -a, -um
Supine (acc.)	amātum
Supine (abl.)	amātū

Passive Voice

Indicative:

	Present	Imperfect	Future
1sg	amor	amābar	amābor
2sg	amāris	amābāris	amāberis
3sg	amātur	amābātur	amābitur
1pl	amāmur	amābāmur	amābimur
2pl	amāminī	amābāminī	amābiminī
3pl	amantur	amābantur	amābuntur

Perfect passive system (formed with participle + esse):

	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future Perfect
1sg	amātus sum	amātus eram	amātus erō
2sg	amātus es	amātus erās	amātus eris
3sg	amātus est	amātus erat	amātus erit
1pl	amātī sumus	amātī erāmus	amātī erimus
2pl	amātī estis	amātī erātis	amātī eritis
3pl	amātī sunt	amātī erant	amātī erunt

Subjunctive (Passive):

	Present	Imperfect
1sg	amer	amārer
2sg	amēris	amārēris
3sg	amētur	amārētur
1pl	amēmur	amārēmur
2pl	amēminī	amārēminī
3pl	amentur	amārentur

	Perfect	Pluperfect
1sg	amātus sim	amātus essem
3sg	amātus sit	amātus esset
3pl	amātī sint	amātī essent

Non-finite (Passive):

Form
Present infinitive	amārī
Perfect infinitive	amātus esse
Future infinitive	amātum īrī
Perfect participle	amātus, -a, -um

Second Conjugation: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (to warn)

Active Indicative

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Fut. Perf.
1sg	moneō	monēbam	monēbō	monuī	monueram	monuerō
2sg	monēs	monēbās	monēbis	monuistī	monuerās	monueris
3sg	monet	monēbat	monēbit	monuit	monuerat	monuerit
1pl	monēmus	monēbāmus	monēbimus	monuimus	monuerāmus	monuerimus
2pl	monētis	monēbātis	monēbitis	monuistis	monuerātis	monueritis
3pl	monent	monēbant	monēbunt	monuērunt	monuerant	monuerint

Active Subjunctive

	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1sg	moneam	monērem	monuerim	monuissem
2sg	moneās	monērēs	monuerīs	monuissēs
3sg	moneat	monēret	monuerit	monuisset
1pl	moneāmus	monērēmus	monuerīmus	monuissēmus
2pl	moneātis	monērētis	monuerītis	monuissētis
3pl	moneant	monērent	monuerint	monuissent

Passive (Present System)

	Present	Imperfect	Future
1sg	moneor	monēbar	monēbor
2sg	monēris	monēbāris	monēberis
3sg	monētur	monēbātur	monēbitur
1pl	monēmur	monēbāmur	monēbimur
2pl	monēminī	monēbāminī	monēbiminī
3pl	monentur	monēbantur	monēbuntur

Third Conjugation: regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum (to rule)

Active Indicative

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Fut. Perf.
1sg	regō	regēbam	regam	rēxī	rēxeram	rēxerō
2sg	regis	regēbās	regēs	rēxistī	rēxerās	rēxeris
3sg	regit	regēbat	reget	rēxit	rēxerat	rēxerit
1pl	regimus	regēbāmus	regēmus	rēximus	rēxerāmus	rēxerimus
2pl	regitis	regēbātis	regētis	rēxistis	rēxerātis	rēxeritis
3pl	regunt	regēbant	regent	rēxērunt	rēxerant	rēxerint

Active Subjunctive

	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1sg	regam	regerem	rēxerim	rēxissem
2sg	regās	regerēs	rēxerīs	rēxissēs
3sg	regat	regeret	rēxerit	rēxisset
1pl	regāmus	regerēmus	rēxerīmus	rēxissēmus
2pl	regātis	regerētis	rēxerītis	rēxissētis
3pl	regant	regerent	rēxerint	rēxissent

Passive (Present System)

	Present	Imperfect	Future
1sg	regor	regēbar	regar
2sg	regeris	regēbāris	regēris
3sg	regitur	regēbātur	regētur
1pl	regimur	regēbāmur	regēmur
2pl	regiminī	regēbāminī	regēminī
3pl	reguntur	regēbantur	regentur

Fourth Conjugation: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum (to hear)

Active Indicative

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Fut. Perf.
1sg	audiō	audiēbam	audiam	audīvī	audīveram	audīverō
2sg	audīs	audiēbās	audiēs	audīvistī	audīverās	audīveris
3sg	audit	audiēbat	audiet	audīvit	audīverat	audīverit
1pl	audīmus	audiēbāmus	audiēmus	audīvimus	audīverāmus	audīverimus
2pl	audītis	audiēbātis	audiētis	audīvistis	audīverātis	audīveritis
3pl	audiunt	audiēbant	audient	audīvērunt	audīverant	audīverint

Active Subjunctive

	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1sg	audiam	audīrem	audīverim	audīvissem
2sg	audiās	audīrēs	audīverīs	audīvissēs
3sg	audiat	audīret	audīverit	audīvisset
1pl	audiāmus	audīrēmus	audīverīmus	audīvissēmus
2pl	audiātis	audīrētis	audīverītis	audīvissētis
3pl	audiant	audīrent	audīverint	audīvissent

Passive (Present System)

	Present	Imperfect	Future
1sg	audior	audiēbar	audiar
2sg	audīris	audiēbāris	audiēris
3sg	audītur	audiēbātur	audiētur
1pl	audīmur	audiēbāmur	audiēmur
2pl	audīminī	audiēbāminī	audiēminī
3pl	audiuntur	audiēbantur	audientur

Greek: -ω Verbs (Thematic Conjugation)

Most Greek verbs follow the thematic (or “omega”) conjugation.

Tense Names in Greek

English	Greek
Present	ἐνεστώς (enestōs)
Imperfect	παρατατικός (paratatikos)
Future	μέλλων (mellōn)
Aorist	ἀόριστος (aoristos)
Perfect	παρακείμενος (parakeimenos)
Pluperfect	ὑπερσυντέλικος (hypersyntelikos)
Future Perfect	συντελεσμένος μέλλων

Model: λύω (to loose, to release)

Active Voice

Indicative:

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Aorist	Perfect	Pluperfect
1sg	λύω	ἔλυον	λύσω	ἔλυσα	λέλυκα	ἐλελύκη
2sg	λύεις	ἔλυες	λύσεις	ἔλυσας	λέλυκας	ἐλελύκης
3sg	λύει	ἔλυε(ν)	λύσει	ἔλυσε(ν)	λέλυκε(ν)	ἐλελύκει
1pl	λύομεν	ἐλύομεν	λύσομεν	ἐλύσαμεν	λελύκαμεν	ἐλελύκεμεν
2pl	λύετε	ἐλύετε	λύσετε	ἐλύσατε	λελύκατε	ἐλελύκετε
3pl	λύουσι(ν)	ἔλυον	λύσουσι(ν)	ἔλυσαν	λελύκασι(ν)	ἐλελύκεσαν

Subjunctive (present and aorist — no tense distinction, only aspect):

	Present	Aorist
1sg	λύω	λύσω
2sg	λύῃς	λύσῃς
3sg	λύῃ	λύσῃ
1pl	λύωμεν	λύσωμεν
2pl	λύητε	λύσητε
3pl	λύωσι(ν)	λύσωσι(ν)

Optative:

	Present	Future	Aorist
1sg	λύοιμι	λύσοιμι	λύσαιμι
2sg	λύοις	λύσοις	λύσαις / λύσειας
3sg	λύοι	λύσοι	λύσαι / λύσειε
1pl	λύοιμεν	λύσοιμεν	λύσαιμεν
2pl	λύοιτε	λύσοιτε	λύσαιτε
3pl	λύοιεν	λύσοιεν	λύσαιεν / λύσειαν

Imperative:

	Present	Aorist
2sg	λῦε	λῦσον
3sg	λυέτω	λυσάτω
2pl	λύετε	λύσατε
3pl	λυόντων	λυσάντων

Infinitives:

Tense	Form
Present	λύειν
Future	λύσειν
Aorist	λῦσαι
Perfect	λελυκέναι

Participles (nominative masculine singular):

Tense	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Present	λύων	λύουσα	λῦον
Future	λύσων	λύσουσα	λῦσον
Aorist	λύσας	λύσασα	λῦσαν
Perfect	λελυκώς	λελυκυῖα	λελυκός

Middle Voice

Indicative (Present System):

	Present	Imperfect	Future
1sg	λύομαι	ἐλυόμην	λύσομαι
2sg	λύῃ / λύει	ἐλύου	λύσῃ
3sg	λύεται	ἐλύετο	λύσεται
1pl	λυόμεθα	ἐλυόμεθα	λυσόμεθα
2pl	λύεσθε	ἐλύεσθε	λύσεσθε
3pl	λύονται	ἐλύοντο	λύσονται

Aorist Middle:

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative
1sg	ἐλυσάμην	λύσωμαι	λυσαίμην
2sg	ἐλύσω	λύσῃ	λύσαιο
3sg	ἐλύσατο	λύσηται	λύσαιτο
1pl	ἐλυσάμεθα	λυσώμεθα	λυσαίμεθα
2pl	ἐλύσασθε	λύσησθε	λύσαισθε
3pl	ἐλύσαντο	λύσωνται	λύσαιντο

Passive Voice

Aorist Passive (distinct from middle):

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative
1sg	ἐλύθην	λυθῶ	λυθείην
2sg	ἐλύθης	λυθῇς	λυθείης
3sg	ἐλύθη	λυθῇ	λυθείη
1pl	ἐλύθημεν	λυθῶμεν	λυθείημεν
2pl	ἐλύθητε	λυθῆτε	λυθείητε
3pl	ἐλύθησαν	λυθῶσι(ν)	λυθείησαν

Future Passive:

	Indicative
1sg	λυθήσομαι
2sg	λυθήσῃ
3sg	λυθήσεται
1pl	λυθησόμεθα
2pl	λυθήσεσθε
3pl	λυθήσονται

Spanish: Three Conjugations

Tense Names in Spanish (Los tiempos verbales)

English	Spanish
Present	presente
Preterite (Aorist)	pretérito indefinido, pretérito perfecto simple
Imperfect	pretérito imperfecto
Future	futuro simple, futuro imperfecto
Conditional	condicional simple
Present Perfect	pretérito perfecto compuesto
Pluperfect	pretérito pluscuamperfecto
Future Perfect	futuro perfecto
Conditional Perfect	condicional compuesto
Present Subjunctive	presente de subjuntivo
Imperfect Subjunctive	pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo

First Conjugation: hablar (to speak)

	Present	Preterite	Imperfect	Future	Conditional
yo	hablo	hablé	hablaba	hablaré	hablaría
tú	hablas	hablaste	hablabas	hablarás	hablarías
él/ella	habla	habló	hablaba	hablará	hablaría
nosotros	hablamos	hablamos	hablábamos	hablaremos	hablaríamos
vosotros	habláis	hablasteis	hablabais	hablaréis	hablaríais
ellos	hablan	hablaron	hablaban	hablarán	hablarían

Subjunctive:

	Present	Imperfect (-ra)	Imperfect (-se)
yo	hable	hablara	hablase
tú	hables	hablaras	hablases
él/ella	hable	hablara	hablase
nosotros	hablemos	habláramos	hablásemos
vosotros	habléis	hablarais	hablaseis
ellos	hablen	hablaran	hablasen

Imperative:

	Affirmative	Negative
tú	habla	no hables
usted	hable	no hable
vosotros	hablad	no habléis
ustedes	hablen	no hablen

Second Conjugation: comer (to eat)

	Present	Preterite	Imperfect	Future	Conditional
yo	como	comí	comía	comeré	comería
tú	comes	comiste	comías	comerás	comerías
él/ella	come	comió	comía	comerá	comería
nosotros	comemos	comimos	comíamos	comeremos	comeríamos
vosotros	coméis	comisteis	comíais	comeréis	comeríais
ellos	comen	comieron	comían	comerán	comerían

Subjunctive:

	Present	Imperfect (-ra)
yo	coma	comiera
tú	comas	comieras
él/ella	coma	comiera
nosotros	comamos	comiéramos
vosotros	comáis	comierais
ellos	coman	comieran

Third Conjugation: vivir (to live)

	Present	Preterite	Imperfect	Future	Conditional
yo	vivo	viví	vivía	viviré	viviría
tú	vives	viviste	vivías	vivirás	vivirías
él/ella	vive	vivió	vivía	vivirá	viviría
nosotros	vivimos	vivimos	vivíamos	viviremos	viviríamos
vosotros	vivís	vivisteis	vivíais	viviréis	viviríais
ellos	viven	vivieron	vivían	vivirán	vivirían

Subjunctive:

	Present	Imperfect (-ra)
yo	viva	viviera
tú	vivas	vivieras
él/ella	viva	viviera
nosotros	vivamos	viviéramos
vosotros	viváis	vivierais
ellos	vivan	vivieran

French: Three Groups

Tense Names in French (Les temps verbaux)

English	French
Present	présent
Imperfect	imparfait
Simple Past (Aorist)	passé simple
Future	futur simple
Conditional	conditionnel présent
Present Perfect	passé composé
Pluperfect	plus-que-parfait
Past Anterior	passé antérieur
Future Perfect	futur antérieur
Past Conditional	conditionnel passé
Present Subjunctive	subjonctif présent
Imperfect Subjunctive	subjonctif imparfait
Past Subjunctive	subjonctif passé
Pluperfect Subjunctive	subjonctif plus-que-parfait

First Group: parler (to speak)

	Present	Imperfect	Simple Past	Future	Conditional
je	parle	parlais	parlai	parlerai	parlerais
tu	parles	parlais	parlas	parleras	parlerais
il/elle	parle	parlait	parla	parlera	parlerait
nous	parlons	parlions	parlâmes	parlerons	parlerions
vous	parlez	parliez	parlâtes	parlerez	parleriez
ils/elles	parlent	parlaient	parlèrent	parleront	parleraient

Subjunctive:

	Present	Imperfect
je	parle	parlasse
tu	parles	parlasses
il/elle	parle	parlât
nous	parlions	parlassions
vous	parliez	parlassiez
ils/elles	parlent	parlassent

Note: The imperfect subjunctive is archaic in modern French and rarely used.

Second Group: finir (to finish)

	Present	Imperfect	Simple Past	Future	Conditional
je	finis	finissais	finis	finirai	finirais
tu	finis	finissais	finis	finiras	finirais
il/elle	finit	finissait	finit	finira	finirait
nous	finissons	finissions	finîmes	finirons	finirions
vous	finissez	finissiez	finîtes	finirez	finiriez
ils/elles	finissent	finissaient	finirent	finiront	finiraient

Note: Second group verbs insert -iss- in plural present and imperfect.

Third Group: vendre (to sell)

	Present	Imperfect	Simple Past	Future	Conditional
je	vends	vendais	vendis	vendrai	vendrais
tu	vends	vendais	vendis	vendras	vendrais
il/elle	vend	vendait	vendit	vendra	vendrait
nous	vendons	vendions	vendîmes	vendrons	vendrions
vous	vendez	vendiez	vendîtes	vendrez	vendriez
ils/elles	vendent	vendaient	vendirent	vendront	vendraient

German: Weak and Strong Verbs

Tense Names in German (Die Zeitformen)

English	German
Present	Präsens
Preterite (Simple Past)	Präteritum, Imperfekt
Perfect	Perfekt
Pluperfect	Plusquamperfekt
Future	Futur I
Future Perfect	Futur II
Subjunctive I	Konjunktiv I
Subjunctive II	Konjunktiv II
Imperative	Imperativ
Infinitive	Infinitiv
Present Participle	Partizip I, Partizip Präsens
Past Participle	Partizip II, Partizip Perfekt

Weak (Regular) Verbs: machen (to make, to do)

	Present	Preterite	Perfect
ich	mache	machte	habe gemacht
du	machst	machtest	hast gemacht
er/sie/es	macht	machte	hat gemacht
wir	machen	machten	haben gemacht
ihr	macht	machtet	habt gemacht
sie/Sie	machen	machten	haben gemacht

Subjunctive I (for indirect speech):

ich	mache
du	machest
er/sie/es	mache
wir	machen
ihr	machet
sie/Sie	machen

Subjunctive II (for hypotheticals):

ich	machte
du	machtest
er/sie/es	machte
wir	machten
ihr	machtet
sie/Sie	machten

Strong Verb Example: singen (to sing)

Strong verbs change their stem vowel (ablaut):

	Present	Preterite	Perfect
ich	singe	sang	habe gesungen
du	singst	sangst	hast gesungen
er/sie/es	singt	sang	hat gesungen
wir	singen	sangen	haben gesungen
ihr	singt	sangt	habt gesungen
sie/Sie	singen	sangen	haben gesungen

Subjunctive II:

ich	sänge
du	sängest
er/sie/es	sänge
wir	sängen
ihr	sänget
sie/Sie	sängen

Summary: How to Identify Conjugation

Language	Identifying Feature
Latin	Infinitive ending: -āre (1st), -ēre (2nd), -ere (3rd), -īre (4th)
Greek	Present stem and principal parts
Spanish	Infinitive ending: -ar (1st), -er (2nd), -ir (3rd)
French	Infinitive ending + behaviour: -er (1st), -ir with -iss- (2nd), other (3rd)
German	Weak (regular past -te) vs. strong (vowel change)

Next: Chapter 2B: Auxiliary Verbs